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Sakharov was born into the Russian intelligentsia. His father, Dmitry Sakharov, taught at several Moscow schools and institutes and wrote popular scientific works and textbooks. A man of principle, he had an enormous effect on his son. His mother, Ekaterina, remained at home and took care of the family.

Andrey Sakharov was tutored at home for several years and entered school only in the fall of 1933. His exceptional scientific promise was recognized early, and in 1938 he enrolled in the physics department of. After the outbreak of war with Germany in June 1941, he failed a medical exam and was found unfit for military service. In October he and his fellow students were evacuated to Ashkhabad (now, Turkmenistan), capital of the Turkmen Republic in, where they resumed their studies and graduated in 1942. He contributed to the war effort by working in the laboratory of a munitions factory in. While working there, he met Klavdia Vikhireva, and they were married in July 1943, a marriage that lasted until her death in 1969. They had three children: Tanya, Lyuba, and Dmitry.

In 1945 they returned to Moscow, where Sakharov began his graduate work at the P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute of the Soviet (FIAN) under the direction of, earning his doctorate in two years. In June 1948 Tamm was appointed to head a special research group at FIAN to investigate the possibility of building a. Sakharov joined Tamm’s group and, with his colleagues and Yuri Romanov, worked on calculations produced by Yakov Zeldovich’s group at the Institute of Chemical Physics. The Soviet discovery of the major ideas behind the thermonuclear bomb went through several stages.

Later in 1948 Sakharov proposed a design in which alternating layers of and are placed between the fissile core of an and the surrounding chemical high. The scheme—analogous to American physicist ’s “Alarm Clock” design—was called Sloika, or “ ” as it is usually translated.

Sakharov referred to it as the “First Idea.” Sakharov credits Ginzburg for the “ Second Idea.” In 1949 Ginzburg published reports proposing substituting deuteride for the liquid deuterium. When bombarded with neutrons, the lithium yields, which when fused with the deuterium generates a greater release of. In March 1950 Sakharov arrived at the “Installation” ( and later Arzamas-16), located in what became the secret Soviet city of Sarov. Under the scientific leadership of, work at KB-11 had begun three years earlier to develop and produce Soviet.

Members of the Tamm and the Zeldovich groups also went there to work on the thermonuclear bomb. A Layer Cake model, small and light enough to be deliverable by airplane, was detonated on 12, 1953, with a yield of 400 kilotons. Sakharov was rewarded with full membership in the Soviet Academy of Sciences at age 32 and accorded the privileges of the Nomenklatura, or elite members of the Soviet Union. While the 1953 test was a significant milestone in thermonuclear development, it was not based on the most advanced principles, and further work continued. Sakharov assumed the duties of the theoretical department at the Installation after Tamm returned to Moscow in 1953.

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The following year, there was a breakthrough to develop high-performance thermonuclear weapons. The “ Third Idea,” of which Sakharov said he was one of the originators, was a modern two-stage configuration using radiation compression, to the successful design of the American physicists Teller. On November 22, 1955, the Soviet Union successfully tested the design in a thermonuclear bomb detonated over the test site. In the late 1950s Sakharov became concerned about the consequences of testing in the atmosphere, forseeing an eventual increased global death toll over time. After years of attempts at private persuasion, in 1961 Sakharov went on record against Soviet Premier ’s plan for an atmospheric test of a 100-megaton, fearing the hazards of widespread radioactive. The bomb was tested at half yield (50 megatons) on October 30, 1961.